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Key Management FAQ

General questions

What is Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Vault—Key Management

Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Vault lets you to centrally manage and control use of keys and secrets across a wide range of OCI services and applications. OCI Vault is a secure, resilient managed service that lets you focus on your data encryption needs without worrying about time-consuming administrative tasks such as hardware provisioning, software patching, and high availability.

Key Management uses hardware security modules (HSM) that meet Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) 140-2 Security Level 3 security certification, to protect your keys. You can create master encryption keys protected either by HSM or software. With the HSM- protected keys, all the cryptographic operations and storage of keys are inside the HSM. With the software-protected keys, your encryption keys are stored and processed in software, but are secured at rest with a root key from HSM.

What is the difference between OCI Vault and Oracle Key Vault

OCI Vault and Oracle Key Vault are two key management products from Oracle.

OCI Vault—Key Management is a fully managed service and provides centralized management of your encryption keys to protect your data stored only in OCI. The vision of Key Management is to support different types of encryption keys—symmetric and asymmetric—and generic set of workloads including Oracle Database TDE and non-database workloads. OCI Vault is the native Gen2 Cloud encryption service.

Oracle Key Vault provides key management for TDE-enabled Oracle databases running in both on-premises (that includes Oracle Exadata Cloud@Customer and Oracle Autonomous Database—Dedicated) and OCI, as well as key management for encrypted Oracle GoldenGate trail files and encrypted ACFS file systems.

What is the difference between Oracle-Managed and Customer-Managed Encryption

Oracle Managed is the default encryption for many OCI services. Oracle Managed means data will be encrypted at rest with an encryption key whose lifecycle management is controlled by Oracle. Customers who don’t want to manage or access their encryption keys and are looking for an easiest way to protect all their data stored in OCI can choose Oracle Managed encryption.

Customer-Managed encryption is offered by OCI Vault—Key Management service where the customer controls and manages the keys that protect their data. In addition, customers who require elevated security and FIPS 140-2 Level 3 protection to meet compliance choose Customer Managed as the encryption keys are stored in hardware security modules (HSMs).

What are the different types of Vault isolation in OCI Vault—Key Management

OCI Vault is also defined as a logical grouping of-Keys. Vault must be created before any keys can be generated or imported.

There are two types of Vault: Virtual Private Vault and the default Vault. The type of Vault you create determines the degree of isolation and performance for your keys. Each tenant can have zero to many Vaults.

A Virtual Private Vault provides dedicated partition on the HSM (single tenant). A partition is a physical boundary on the HSM which is isolated from other partitions. Virtual Private Vault provides better and consistent transactions per second for cryptographic operations.

The default Vault uses a multitenant partition, so it has a moderate level of isolation.

How do I get started with Vault—Key Management

1. Ensure that the limits for your tenancy allow for creation of the Vault type you intend to create.

2. Ensure that Oracle Identity and Access Management (IAM) policies have been created for the user account to have the necessary permissions to create a Vault. See IAM Policy Reference to construct a statement.

3. You first create a Vault by selecting Security from the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Console, and then Vault.

Create a Vault and select from one of the two available Vault types that best fits your isolation and processing requirements:

  • Virtual Private Vault: Chose a Virtual Private Vault if you require increased isolation on the HSM and dedicated processing of encrypt/decrypt operations.
  • Vault (Default): Choose the default Vault if you are willing to accept a moderate isolation (multitenant partition in HSM) and shared processing for encrypt/decrypt operations.

4. Create the [Master Encryption] Key(s) inside your Vault. Master encryption keys can have one of two protection modes: HSM or software.

  • A master encryption key protected by an HSM is stored on an HSM and cannot be exported from the HSM. All cryptographic operations involving the key also happen on the HSM.
  • A master encryption key protected by software is stored on a server and can be exported from the server to perform cryptographic operations on the client instead of on the server. While at rest, the software-protected key is encrypted by a root key on the HSM.

5. Ensure that IAM policies for the service or entity calling Vault has the necessary permissions.

Example: allow service objectstorage-us-ashburn-1 to use keys in compartment

Use the key(s):

  • With native Oracle Cloud Infrastructure storage: When creating storage (bucket, file, volume), mark with “ENCRYPT USING CUSTOMER-MANAGED KEYS”, then select the Vault and the Master Encryption Key. Data in that bucket/volume/file storage will be encrypted with a data encryption key wrapped with the Master Encryption Key in Vault.
  • With crypto operations, using Command Line Interface (CLI) as an example: oci kms crypto encrypt --key-id --plaintext

Crypto operations are available in SDK and API as well. For more details, see Overview of Vault in the documentation.

6. Monitor your usage of operations with metrics in the console and Monitoring service. See the metrics and dimensions.

What are the default limits for Vault

Virtual Private Vault limit is 0 by default. User should request for limit increase to use it. Once Virtual Private Vault is enabled, user gets a soft limit of 1000 and hard limit of 3000 symmetric key versions.

When you use the default Vault to store your keys, there is no hard limit. The default is 10 Vaults with 100 keys per vault.

All key versions you store in a Vault count towards this limit, regardless of the corresponding key being enabled or disabled.

The limits imposed on OCI Vault is governed by OCI service limits. Default limits are set for all tenancies. Customers can request a service limit increase for keys stored inside a Vault by following the steps in Requesting a Service Limit Increase of the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure documentation. As both enabled and disabled keys count towards the limit, Oracle recommends deleting disabled keys that you no longer use.

What capabilities does OCI Vault—Key Management provide

The following key management capabilities are available when you use the Vault service. For more details, see Overview of Vault in the documentation.

  • Create your own encryption keys that protects your data
  • Bring your own keys
  • Rotate your keys
  • Support for cross-region backup and restore for your Keys
  • Constrain permissions on keys using IAM policies
  • Integration to OCI internal services: Oracle Autonomous Database—Dedicated, Oracle Block Storage, Oracle File storage, Oracle Object Storage, Streaming and Container engine for Kubernetes

What shape/length of keys can I create and store in Vault—Key Management

When you create a key, you can choose a key shape that indicates the key length and the algorithm used with it. All keys are currently Advanced Encryption Standard (AES - GCM), and you can choose from three key lengths: AES-128, AES-192, and AES-256. AES-256 are recommended.

Which Oracle Cloud Infrastructure regions is Vault—Key Management available in

Key Management is available in all Commercial and Government Oracle Cloud Infrastructure regions.


Managing Keys and Key Vaults

Can I rotate my keys

Yes. You can regularly rotate your keys in alignment with your security governance and regulatory compliance needs or ad hoc in case of a security incident. Regularly rotating your keys (for example, every 90 days) by using the Console, API, or CLI limits the amount of data protected by a single key.

Note: Rotating a key does not automatically re-encrypt data that was previously encrypted with the old key version; this data is re-encrypted the next time it’s modified by the customer. If you suspect that a key has been compromised, you should re-encrypt all data protected by that key and disable the prior key version.

Can I bring my own keys to Vault—Key Management

Yes. You can import a copy of your key from your own key management infrastructure to Vault and use it with any integrated OCI services or from within your own applications.

Can I delete a Vault

Yes, but not immediately. You can schedule the deletion by configuring a waiting period from 7 to 30 days. The Vault and all the keys created inside the Vault are deleted at the end of the waiting period, and all the data that was protected by those keys is no longer accessible. After a Vault is deleted, it can’t be recovered.

Can I delete a key or key version

Yes, but not immediately. You can schedule the deletion by configuring a waiting period from 7 to 30 days. You can also disable a key, which will prevent any encrypt/decrypt operations using that key.


Using Keys

Where is my data encrypted if I use OCI Vault—Key Management

You can directly submit data to Key Management APIs to encrypt and decrypt using your master encryption keys stored in the Vault.

Also, you can encrypt your data locally within your applications and OCI services using a method known as Envelope encryption.

With envelope encryption, you generate and retrieve Data Encryption Keys (DEK) from Key Management APIs. DEKs are not stored or managed in Key Management service but are encrypted by your Master Encryption Key. Your applications can use DEK to encrypt your data and store the encrypted DEK along with the data. When your applications want to decrypt the data, you should call decrypt to Key Management API on the encrypted DEK to retrieve the DEK. You can the decrypt your data locally with the DEK.

Why use envelope encryption? Why not just send data to Vault—Key Management to encrypt directly

Key Management supports sending up to 4 KB of data to be encrypted directly. In addition, envelope encryption can offer significant performance benefits. When you encrypt data directly with Key Management APIs, it must be transferred over the network. Envelope encryption reduces the network load since only the request and delivery of the much smaller DEK go over the network. The DEK is used locally in your application or encrypting OCI service, avoiding the need to send the entire block of data.


High Availability and Disaster Recovery

How does Oracle provide high availability of keys in a region

Oracle uses a cluster of nodes and HSMs to store replica of your keys in the same region where they were created, which enables us to provide 99.9% SLA and 99.99 % SLO for Key Management. Please see Oracle PaaS and IaaS Public Cloud Services Pillar Document (PDF).

Can I transfer and use my keys in a region that is different from where they were created

Yes. Key Management supports cross-region backup and restore for Virtual Private Vault so that keys can be used in a region different from where they were created. Backup and restore meets FIPS requirements as real key materials are not exported, rather a binary object that represents the key material. Restore operations can happen only to the OCI managed HSMs.


Billing

How am I charged for using Vault—Key Management

You are charged based on the type of Vault that’s created.

By default, your Vault is charged based on the number of key versions. Software-protected keys are free but HSM protected keys are charged 50 cents per key version. (first 20 key versions are free).

However, if you create a Virtual Private Vault (single-tenant HSM), you are priced per hour. The pricing starts from the time of creation of the Vault and continues until the vault is scheduled to be deleted. You are not charged for key versions within a Virtual Private Vault.

For more details, please refer to Oracle Cloud Security pricing.

Am I billed for my keys when they are scheduled for deletion

No, you aren’t billed for the keys that are scheduled for deletion. If you cancel the deletion of your keys, then the billing resumes.


Security

How are the keys I create inside my Vault—Key Management secured

When you request the service to create a key with protection mode HSM, Key Management stores the key and all subsequent key versions in the HSM. Plain-text key material can never be viewed or exported from the HSM. With protection mode Software, keys are stored on Key Management servers but protected at rest by a root key from HSM.

Only users, groups, or services that you authorize via an IAM policy can use the keys by invoking Key Management to encrypt or decrypt data.

Can I export a key that I created in Vault—Key Management

Yes. If you create a key with protection mode Software, the key material can be exported in plain text. However, if you create your keys with protection mode HSM, you cannot export the key material as the key never leaves the HSM. You are able to back up the key material in order to restore it the same or a different region. However, that backup does not give access to the key material.